CM10.1-10 | Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health — Glossary

Analytical framework for maternal deaths: delay in recognising a danger sign, delay in deciding to seek care, delay in reaching appropriate care.

WHO-defined life stage from 10 to 19 years; characterised by puberty, psychosocial identity formation, and peak nutritional vulnerability.

GOI programme delivering DMPA injectable contraception at sub-centre level through ASHA-ANM teams; operational since 2017-18.

Adolescent-friendly health service component providing confidential, non-judgemental reproductive and mental health services at CHC/district level.

Live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis vaccine; given intradermally at birth to prevent severe childhood tuberculosis (meningitis, miliary TB); does not prevent adult pulmonary TB.

Basic Emergency Obstetric Care — CHC-level capacity: parenteral oxytocin, antibiotics, MgSO4; manual removal of placenta; assisted vaginal delivery; neonatal resuscitation.

GOI programme (2015) targeting districts with sex ratio at birth below 918 girls per 1,000 boys; aims to prevent sex-selective practices and promote girls' education.

India's post-1996 family planning policy: all methods offered without targets or directive pressure; client selects freely after informed counselling.

Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric Care — district hospital-level capacity: all BEmOC functions plus caesarean section and blood transfusion.

Marriage before age 18 years; NFHS-5 India: 23.3% of women aged 20-24 married before 18; associated with elevated obstetric risk, domestic violence, and low educational attainment.

Minimum harm-reduction package for home delivery: sterilised blade, cord clamp/tie, plastic sheet, soap, and cord dressing.

The first breast milk, produced in the first 2-3 days postpartum; yellow, thick, rich in secretory IgA, lactoferrin, and vitamin A — functions as the neonate's first vaccine.

Introduction of nutritionally adequate, safe solid or semi-solid foods alongside continued breastfeeding from 6 months of age.

Traditional birth attendant in India; typically a woman with traditional knowledge of delivery, no formal training; historically conducted the majority of rural home deliveries.

150 mg injectable progestogen-only contraceptive given IM every 12-13 weeks; marketed as Antara in India's PHC programme.

Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act — defines domestic violence broadly (physical, sexual, verbal, emotional, economic) within a shared household; provides protection orders and monetary relief.

(DPT1 coverage - DPT3 coverage) / DPT1 coverage × 100; programme threshold for investigation is >10%.

Levonorgestrel 1.5 mg single dose taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse; approximately 85% effective within 72 hours, 58% between 72-120 hours.

Minimum package at every delivery: warmth (skin-to-skin), breastfeeding within 1 hour, dry cord care, vitamin K injection, eye prophylaxis.

Giving only breast milk for the first 6 months of life, with no additional water, juice, or food; WHO-recommended standard for optimal infant nutrition.

RR ≥60/min in <2 months; ≥50/min in 2-12 months; ≥40/min in 1-5 years — a cardinal sign of pneumonia in the IMNCI assessment.

A child who has received: 1 BCG + 3 OPV doses + 3 DPT doses + 1 MR dose by 12 months of age; the NFHS-5 India coverage is 76.4%.

Counselling framework: Greet, Ask, Tell, Help, Explain, Return — used in behaviour change communication to structure individual counselling conversations.

Ratio of female to male Human Development Index; measures gender gap in human development achievements.

Violence directed at individuals based on gender, including domestic violence, sexual violence, early/forced marriage, honour killings, and female foeticide.

Home-Based Newborn Care — ASHA-delivered programme of six structured home visits in the first 42 days to screen and manage neonatal danger signs.

A pregnancy with one or more obstetric, medical, or sociodemographic factors that increase the likelihood of adverse maternal or fetal outcome.

Health Management Information System — national digital platform tracking facility-wise health indicators including ANC coverage and institutional delivery rates.

Specialised vaccine refrigerator at PHC/CHC level; ice-lined walls maintain 2-8°C even during power cuts for up to 3-4 days.

Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness — WHO/GOI case-management protocol for integrated assessment, classification, and treatment of the five major childhood illness categories.

Deaths before age 1 year per 1,000 live births; a composite indicator of newborn and post-neonatal survival.

Injectable, inactivated (killed) polio vaccine added to UIP in 2015; provides intestinal mucosal immunity without risk of vaccine-derived poliovirus; given alongside OPV.

Infant and Young Child Feeding — the WHO framework covering breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and micronutrient supplementation practices from birth to 2 years.

Entitlement-based programme (2011) providing free delivery services, drugs, diagnostics, diet, and transport to all pregnant women and sick newborns at government facilities.

Conditional cash transfer scheme (2005) providing Rs 1,400 to rural BPL mothers who deliver in a government facility, to incentivise institutional delivery.

98% effective contraception when all three conditions are simultaneously met: exclusive breastfeeding, amenorrhoea, and infant under 6 months.

Labour Room Quality Improvement Initiative (2017) — a 100-point quality dashboard for facility labour rooms, measuring evidence-based intrapartum care practices.

Birth weight below 2,500 g regardless of gestational age; associated with malnutrition, infections, and neonatal mortality.

Mothers' Absolute Affection — GOI initiative to promote early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding through training of health workers and mass media.

Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births; measures obstetric risk for a woman who becomes pregnant.

Mother and Child Protection Card — portable health record tracking ANC, immunisation, and risk status through the antenatal and postnatal period.

Proportion of currently married women using any modern contraceptive method; India NFHS-5 = 56.5%.

Mother and Child Tracking System — name-based digital tracking of every registered pregnancy, delivery, and infant immunisation contact; generates defaulter alerts for ASHA follow-up.

Maternal Death Surveillance and Response — mandatory community investigation of every maternal death within 24 hours, identifying delay category and root cause for programme correction.

First menstruation; occurs at Tanner Stage 3-4, average age 12.5-13 years in India; marks the onset of ovulatory cyclicity.

GOI targeted immunization catch-up campaign (2014) for zero-dose and partially immunized children in districts with <90% coverage.

Targeted family welfare programme for 146 high-TFR districts across 7 states; intensifies supply, outreach, and ASHA incentives to reach unmet need in high-fertility zones.

Bivalent Measles-Rubella vaccine; replaced measles monovalent in UIP from 2017; given subcutaneously at 9-12 months and again at 16-24 months.

Mid-upper arm circumference; <11.5 cm = SAM, 11.5-12.4 cm = MAM in children 6-59 months.

Deaths in the first 28 days of life per 1,000 live births; dominated by prematurity, asphyxia, and infection.

Infection of the umbilical cord stump with Clostridium tetani, presenting at 3-10 days of life with jaw stiffness and generalised spasms; preventable with TT immunisation and clean cord-cutting.

National Family Health Survey (5th round, 2019-21) — large household survey providing IMR, NMR, U5MR, and service utilization data at district level.

Male sterilization technique using puncture rather than skin incision; faster, lower complication rate; grossly underutilised in India (0.3% mCPR).

Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (1994, amended 2003) — prohibits prenatal sex determination for non-medical purposes and sex-selective abortion; mandates Form F compliance at all registered ultrasound centres.

Trained adolescent volunteer in RKSK who conducts peer-group health education sessions and links community adolescents to ARSH services; one per 40 adolescents in the catchment.

Five-in-one vaccine containing DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) + Hepatitis B + Hib; given IM at 6, 10, and 14 weeks.

Late fetal deaths (≥28 weeks) plus first-7-day neonatal deaths per 1,000 total births; sensitive to intrapartum quality.

Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan — monthly (9th of month) comprehensive ANC package at government facilities, including specialist examination, for all pregnant women.

Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act 2012 — mandatory reporting of sexual abuse of any child under 18 years to police or Child Welfare Committee within 24 hours; failure to report is a criminal offence.

Postpartum IUCD — Cu-T 380A inserted within 48 hours of delivery; highly effective LARC initiated at the highest-motivation contraceptive contact in a woman's reproductive life.

Any liquid or food given to a neonate before the first breastfeed, including honey, sugar water, animal milk, or formula; associated with infection risk and delayed milk supply.

Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram — mobile health team screening of children 0-18 years for the 4Ds: Defects at birth, Deficiencies, Diseases, Developmental delays.

National adolescent health programme (2014) for 10-19 years covering 6 domains: nutrition, sexual/reproductive health, NCDs, mental health, injuries/violence, substance use; uses peer educator model.

Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health — the GOI strategic framework integrating all maternal and child survival programmes.

Number of girls born per 1,000 boys; biological baseline ~952; India NFHS-5 = 929, reflecting son preference and sex-selective abortion practices.

Field test to detect freeze damage in freeze-sensitive vaccines (DTP, Pentavalent, Hepatitis B, TT): shake suspect vial alongside a known-frozen control; discarding if flocculate patterns match.

Delivery attended by a trained health professional (doctor, nurse, or midwife) who can provide basic maternal-neonatal care and manage or refer complications.

Special Newborn Care Unit — district hospital-level unit for sick newborns requiring IV fluids, parenteral antibiotics, and continuous monitoring.

Sample Registration System — India's dual-record civil registration survey producing annual birth and death data, the primary source for national MMR.

Five-stage classification of pubertal development (Sexual Maturity Rating, SMR); Stage 1 = prepubertal, Stage 5 = adult phenotype; used to assess pubertal progress and interpret clinical findings in adolescents.

Average number of children a woman would have if she experienced current age-specific fertility rates throughout her reproductive life; India NFHS-5 = 2.0.

Under-5 mortality rate — deaths before the fifth birthday per 1,000 live births.

GOI programme targeting 27 million newborns annually with vaccines against 12 diseases: TB, polio, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Hepatitis B, Hib disease, measles, rubella, JE, rotavirus, and pneumococcal disease (last two in select states).

Proportion of currently married women not using contraception despite wanting to space or limit childbearing; India NFHS-5 = 9.4%.

Village Health, Nutrition and Development Day — monthly community platform at the AWC for group health education, immunisation, and growth monitoring.

Heat-sensitive label on vaccine vials; discard when inner square equals or is darker than outer ring — indicates cumulative heat exposure beyond safe limits.

WHO framework classifying contraceptive safety: Category 1 = no restriction, 2 = advantages outweigh risks, 3 = risks outweigh advantages, 4 = absolute contraindication.

Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation — one IFA tablet (60 mg elemental iron + 500 mcg folic acid) weekly for adolescents in grades 6-12; addresses India's 59.1% adolescent girl anaemia rate.